teachers

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Cambridge Online Day session – Creating an inclusive learning environment: Teacher tips and takeaways (Ben Goldstein)

This session is part of a Cambridge day of webinars. I saw it advertised and had to break my not working at the weekend rule because it sounded too good to miss!

Ben will be talking about inclusion today. There will be a little bit of theory and some practical tips. Sounds awesome! (If anyone attended, or if Ben reads this – unlikely – and thinks I got anything down wrong, please do comment and I’ll be happy to correct it!)

Ben starts by asking: What do we mean by inclusion?

We had to write down in the chat what we think inclusion means. He said use nouns: I came up with welcoming, belonging – others said equity, fairness, embracing differences, differentiation, special educational needs, acceptance, empathy…

It’s a big topic, involving a lot of areas.

The next question was “Why is it important?” My answer: Because everyone has something to bring to the table so we need to make space for them. Everyone deserves a chance to be there. Others said it’s about not being an outcast (and other things I didn’t catch quickly enough to write down).

Inclusion may mean different things to you depending on who you are, your context, etc.

Ben’s view: Inclusion is about recognising, respecting and learning from the “other”. It is important because everybody should have the same rights and opportunities. This strengthens social cohesion.

He then shared a view from the literature:

He said keywords were “process” and “removing barriers” and “all students” – not only valid for special educational needs but for everybody.

Equality/Equity, Inclusion, Diversity were the next terms that Ben wanted to unpack. What is the difference between equality and equity?

If you look up EDI/DEI online, sometimes E stands for equity and sometimes equality. But they don’t mean the same thing.

  • Equality is giving everyone the same thing
  • Equity is giving everyone what they need. Giving everyone the same doesn’t help because everyone doesn’t begin from the same place. Giving everyone what they need is what we should aim for. Focus is on fairness and opportunity.
  • Diversity focuses on acknowledging, respecting and celebrating differences. It focuses on representation.
  • Inclusion is the specific ways in which Equity and Diversity are realised. So the focus is on participation.

How can inclusion be understood in a language learning/teaching context?

Ben recently ran a course on inclusive practice and got students to say what it means to them in their context.

Ana from Quito, Equador: For her inclusion means removing barriers, not lowering expectations. Students face barriers related to different types of things – language, cultural, background – not only physical or cognitive challenges. It’s about trying to anticipate these barriers and try to allow students to understand what you are teaching them. It’s about flexibility as a teacher. It’s important to have different strategies and materials and supports that can help any students that don’t follow a certain way. It also means creating a classroom culture where everyone feels valued and safe. That’s the first step and the most important one. If they feel safe they will be able to take risks and participate and feel like they are being supported and heard. Once you make a safe space for them for the students to feel part of, then anything else can move on. Something we should talk about constantly among colleagues and promote constantly.

After playing the video, Ben underlined the “it’s about creating a classroom culture where everyone feels valued and safe” and that it is a continuous process. He chose Ana’s video to show us because she emphasises this.

It’s the space that you create with your learners that allows them the opportunity to participate. The most important ingredient. (Yesss! I agree so hard!!!)

Universal Design for Learning:

It’s a practical framework for inclusive practice in education in general, also appropriate for language teaching. 3 central ideas.

  • The idea of engagement: how do you get your learners motivated? How do you stimulate their interest?
  • Representation: how do you present th information to them so that they find it accessible?
  • Action and expression: how do they express themselves/show what they know?

These 3 ideas are a very good way to think of practical applications for inclusive practice.

UDI allows us to be people led rather than label led, allows for intersectionality. Ben’s approach is a holistic/whole person approach. Learner variability is the norm in class. You know they will be very different from each other as well as sharing things. We need to account for this from the outset in our methodology and materials. You get to know your students on a human level as people not jus as students and this can allow you to adapt your material to them. An inclusive approach must be seen as beneficial to all. Our goal is for everyone to feel connected and belong.

Tips and takeaways for the classroom

Best practice: include frequent breaks, allow more time/use silence, make it visual (use colour), chunk it (break down instructions, write them up on the board), review language/concept check more, vary activities, allow freedom to move.

Doing these things is already being inclusive. It’s not rocket science. But we may not understand it as being inclusive, the difference is in the way we frame it.

  1. Offering choice
  2. Building a community
  3. Using and respecting learners’ own language
  4. Developing empathy

The above 4 takeaways come from Ben’s book 30 ideas on inclusion in ELT. Some of the ideas talked about now come from the book.

Offering choice is fundamental. How can we offer students choice? Choice of discussion, choice of who to work with, choice of task/topics. This is about being flexible with students. Ben offers:

  • seating arrangements
  • project/presentations (poster, essay, video) – related to action/expression in UDL.
  • Roles (research, organiser, spokesperson). Responses to text (describe a personal connection, answer comp questions, summarise…).
  • Goals (identify personal goals and established ones) – this becomes apparent when you get to know students on a personal level.
  • Review and reflection (logs/journals) – we all do this in different ways (e.g. today some people will be making notes, typing, or just listening and processing). Give learners choice on how they reflect.
  • Choice board – students can choose which activity to do. Google choiceboards to find more examples.

Building a community: classroom contracts. Many are familiar with this. Inclusive pracice is not rocket science, but with familiar things we can give an inclusive twist. E.g. for adult learners, add things like listen carefully to other people’s opinions and do not interrupt. Do not jump to conclusions or make assumptions, be curious and ask questions. Respect the student if you disagree. When showing disagreement, criticise the idea not the person. Keep an open mind with the expectation of learning something new.

Using and respecting learners own language: It is important to acknowledge and respect learners’ language. A plurilingual approach is encouraged by the European Framework. How can we use it?

  • Activating schemata/brainstorming ideas can be in L1, then summarise those ideas/reformulate in English. This can save time. This may enable more sophisticated ideas.
  • Provide input in L1 and then learners respond in English.
  • Own-language moments (e.g. self evaluation, contrastive analysis).
  • Sandwiching – e.g. give the instruction in English, translate into L1, then give the instruction again in English. This way students get an ear for the important instructions.
  • Conduct an own-language survey: at the start of tern, ask learners to share languages they speak/understand, how the learned them, how they use them.

A way to get them to reflect on their own language/culture in contrast with others:

Developing empathy: One way to develop empathy is to tell stories. Ben tells us a story about Hong Kong island, working with teenagers from quite wealthy backgrounds who weren’t particularly motivated, there because their parents wanted them to be. They all had English names. A lot of them liked having English names, made them feel part of the English class. One day he had to do a substitution class in Kowloon, was reading out the register, one of them didn’t have an English name, he didn’t want one. The others started laughing at him for that. Ben stopped the class and said listen if he doesn’t want an English name, that is ok, we need to respect that choice. The next day in that class again, and this time the other students were all ok with it. He realised something imorant: when we talk about empathy, we don’t just mean between teacher and students, but also among students. He realised he had to make sure they valued him and his choice. That was 25 years ago.

This is focusing on a humanist idea of education in terms of the role of teacher and learner. In Evolve (coursebook), they have students from different countries who are the same level as the coursebook user. When the student does an activity, they watch a video of someone like them doing it. See example below:

Closing thoughts

(There was no time for inclusive materials part of the session, but there will be another webinar about that he will be doing soon!)

  • A holistic approach to learning: Put the learner first not the label.
  • EDIB (what does the B stand for? Belonging. Why is it important? Because it should be the end goal. The need for social connection and identification within physical environments. Not a declared end state but an ongoing practice. It is not bestowed. No one is in a dominant position. Belonging emerges from meaningful contribution to group. There is a focus on community. Move away from just thinking about differentiation and teh individual and focus more on the classroom as a community.
  • Inclusion must be seen as an asset for all. No tokenism.
  • Be flexible, curious and kind.
  • Many changes can be made for free. Big changes can be made with small gestures. Not change your methodology overnight. Just one little change can make a huge difference in the environment of the class. Gestures made by teachers, school ethos, and in what we as a society decide we want for our future.

Ben’s webinar about inclusion in materials (yes please!):

Audience Question: Do you have any tips for inclusiveness for students who are troublemakers?

  • classroom contract
  • A chapter in his book – calling out and calling in – what to do in these situations. He will also focus more on this in May. You need to call out a student and having a contract helps with this. The contract is made with the students so that if the student is not following it and is causing trouble, then you can remind them that they participated in making the contract. Students can call out each other in this way too. Quite a complicated area, maybe requires a webinar on its own.

I have a lot of thoughts about all of this, and they tie in with a lot of my thoughts around everything I’ve read about group dynamics in the last year. But reflecting on and processing all that is far too much to tack onto the end of this already lengthy blog post summary so I shall keep that for another time! Watch this space… 🙂

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What do you do in the first week of a new course?

(This post may seem somewhat counterintuitive at the end of a semester, just before the Christmas break, but I am looking ahead to our new January cohort who are beginning in the new year, which actually isn’t so very far away!)

I always love the first week of a new course. Our courses follow a blended approach with Semester 1 being 10 weeks at 6hrs of learning per week, divided up into 2 x 1hr online lessons and 2 x F2F lessons, and Semester 2 being 12 weeks at 5hrs of learning per week, divided up into 1 x 1hr online lesson and 2 x 2hr F2F lessons. In Lesson 1, we introduce the course, reviewing its structure, how they will be assessed and how to navigate the VLE (Blackboard). In Lesson 2, students attend a tech induction, to familiarise them with how to use Blackboard Collaborate (for the online lessons) and the Google Suite. In the 2 F2F lessons, students learn about the asynchronous learning content, including establishing the importance of it and guiding them through accessing it, and write a letter to the teacher introducing themselves. All remaining time in the F2F lessons is dedicated to getting to know you activities. There is one provided but teachers are free to use the time as they wish.

These are the activities that I always try to include in Week 1, together with an explanation of why:

In addition to the core content of the Week 1 lessons, there are some elements that always feature in my Week 1 lessons. Here they are:

  • The name game: Like the shopping list game where items are added at every turn, but in this case the items are a student’s name and something they like. This is generally the first activity in the first F2F lesson.

Learning students’ names is hugely important in establishing a rapport with them and being able to interact with them as individuals. For me, the easiest way to achieve this is by playing the name game with them. This is because as well as supporting students when they can’t remember a name or a like here and there, I am constantly repeating the information in my mind along with them. A class’s worth of repetition really helps to get the names embedded in my brain. As well as allowing me to learn their names, they get to know each other’s names as well which is helpful in the process of becoming able to work together effectively.

  • Focus on pair-work and group-work: This starts with a describe and draw activity where, in each pair of students, one student describes a picture that the other must draw without sight of it. The describing and drawing stage is followed by a brief evaluation, in groups, of what is produced and what is missed. Finally, students, in groups come up with a list rules for effective group work.

Pair and group-work are a core part of our lessons, but may not have been much of a feature in students’ previous learning. The describe, draw and evaluate portion of the activity is light-hearted and provides a low-stakes way to experience pair-work and group-work. It also provides inspiration for the following part in which students come up with their rules. These rules can be referred back to in subsequent lessons when students take part in pair-work and group-work activities. For neurodivergent students particularly, a clear understanding of what is expected in group-work, with rules to follow, can help to alleviate anxiety.

  • Introducing Mindfulness meditation: I start this sequence by showing a still (see below – and click on the link if you’d like to watch the clip!) from a short youtube clip about mindfulness meditation and its benefits, and asking them what they think the video will be about. They then watch the video and make notes, which they use to answer two key questions: What are the benefits of mindfulness? Which of those benefits would be most useful for you? In the final part of the sequence, I show the students the wording of an example short mindfulness meditation and suggest we try it, with me saying the words. Afterwards I ask them how they feel and finish by suggesting that we start each F2F lesson by doing it.

I have been using Mindfulness Meditation with students for some years now and remain convinced that it is beneficial for them. When they come into a lesson, their minds are all over the place – other lessons, assignment-related stress, workload, future plans etc – and doing a short guided meditation at the start of the lesson gives them a few moments of transition time, to really arrive in the lesson. Neurodivergent students particularly struggle with transitions so this is one way to make the switch from one lesson to another less abrupt and painful. The effect is always a class of students who go from being distracted by each other, their devices, their thoughts to being focused, calm and ready to learn. I introduce it the way I do (described above) to give them the opportunity to learn about and experience some of the potential benefits of meditation and evaluate which of those they would most benefit from, thereby turning it from being a random thing that is imposed on them to being something that they understand as beneficial to them. I do this in the first F2F lesson so that the second F2F lesson can already begin with it – start as we mean to go on! As we do the meditation at the start of every F2F lesson, it also becomes one of the many little routines which enable a secure, stable classroom environment for students.

  • Focus on strategies for effective studying: “How can we study effectively?”: This is a simple activity – students work in groups (getting to practise using the group-work rules they have already established) to make a list of strategies. Then, after eliciting all of theirs, I share some of my own.

Students generally come up with ideas that centre around study-skills, time management, organisation, collaboration and the like. My list contains some of those but also focuses on wellbeing, so for example “take breaks”, “exercise”, “meditate”, “try to get plenty of sleep”, and psychology, for example “have a growth mindset” and “tell your teacher when you have a problem”. Each item is accompanied by a brief explanation. Students’ two semesters with us are going to be loaded and stress levels are likely to be high, so looking after themselves is critical to being able to study effectively.

  • a speaking-focused icebreaker: this is less set in stone. My current go-to, though, is “Interview a classmate and then introduce them to the class”. Nothing spectacular, the task is scaffolded by a handout which guides students through question preparation and provides space for notes to be made during the interview. Students then use those notes to tell the class about the classmate they interviewed.

Speaking-focused icebreakers are useful for two key things: giving students the opportunity to learn more about one another (as well as me to learn more about them!), and giving me a reasonable starting idea of students’ speaking abilities. With the above-mentioned activity, I can listen in to their interviews to hear unprepared responses and then the feedback stage demonstrates what they can do with a bit of preparation and some notes. Of course I also get to learn a lot about them as people which is lovely. Happily, remembering it all isn’t critical because the “Letter to the teacher” activity which is part of the core content provides a similar swathe of information in written form. Both the speaking activity and the writing activity inform the initial RAG (Red Amber Green) rating we give students at the start of the course.

Why is Week 1 important?

Week 1 sets the tone for what is to follow. At the end of a good Week 1, you have a class who have started to mesh and who are prepared for what lies ahead. They know a bit about what is expected of them and a bit about what they can expect from your lessons. They feel positive, encouraged, comfortable, respected and this means their brains will be more open to learning. You also have a teacher who knows their students’ names and has started to get to know them as individuals, a rapport being built. These are the foundations of a successful course of study. Also, and I think you will agree, there is nothing like the excitement tinged with nervous anticipation of embarking on Week 1 and meeting your new group of students!

Over to you

What do you always do in the first week of a course with a new group of students? Why? Tell me all about your go-to activities for Week 1 using the comments function – I’d love to hear from you (well, read anyway!).

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Generative AI and Assessment

A session about Generative AI and EAP that I attended recently provided the above quote for our consideration. I think one of the things that is challenging about the Generative AI landscape and its presence in the context of higher education is that it evolves so rapidly. This rapid evolution contrasts starkly with much slower-moving policy-making and curriculum development processes. Certainly in my current context, this issue of becoming “left behind” has been one that we have been grappling with for a few years now. Initially, there was a period where once generative AI had emerged into existence, all we could do was watch, as it became increasingly apparent that students were using it in their assessments, while awaiting a university policy to inform our response. An extra layer of waiting then ensued because as well as being university policy-informed, we are Studygroup policy-informed. During that wait, our response to generative AI had to be “No. You can’t use this tool. It is against the rules. It will result in academic misconduct.” Of course, being as assessment in pathway colleges is high stakes (the deciding factor in whether or not a student can access their chosen university course), students use it anyway, due to running out of time, due to desperation, due to self-perceived inadequacy.

Now, we have the university policy which centres on ethical and appropriate use of AI, and acknowledging how and where it is used, and, in cooperation with Studygroup, are figuring out how to integrate AI use into our programme. We started by focusing on one of our coursework assessments, an extended essay, and discussing what aspects we thought were and weren’t suitable for students to use AI to help them with. So, for example, we thought it acceptable for students to do the following in their use of AI:

  • generate ideas around a topic, which they could then research using suitable resources e.g. the university library website and Google Scholar.
  • ask AI to suggest keywords to help them find information about the topics they want to research.
  • ask AI to suggest possible essay structures (but not paragraph level structure)
  • generate ideas for possible paragraph topics
  • get AI to proofread the essay but only at surface level, to suggest language corrections (this would only be the case if we no longer gave scores for grammar and vocabulary so will require rubric-level change)

Of course we can’t just implement this, we need to go through the process of getting approval from Studygroup for it and then building it into our materials. We can’t just expect learners to meet our expectations with no guidance other than the above list embedded in an assignment brief. Much like was discussed in the AI and Independent Learning webinar, we need to help the students to develop the skills that they need in order to use AI appropriately and effectively. This will include things as basic as how to access the university-approved AI (Gemini) and how to use it (including how to write prompts that get it to do things that are helpful and appropriate and equally avoid accidentally getting it to do things that aren’t helpful or acceptable). Also important will be raising their awareness of ethical issues surrounding the use of AI and of its inbuilt bias, as its output depends on what it has been trained on and there is always the risk of “hallucination” or false output. They will need to be cognisant of its strengths and weaknesses, and to develop an ability to evaluate its output so that they don’t blindly use or base actions on output which is flawed. Their ability to evaluate will also need to extend to being able to assess when and when not to use it, and how to proceed with its output.

All of the above is far from straightforward! When you look at it like that, it’s little wonder that left to their own devices students use it in the wrong way. So, in order to have an effective policy regarding the use of AI, there is a lot of preparation that is required. That skill-development and awareness-raising needs to be built in throughout the course into all relevant lessons. And that means a lot of (wo)man hours, given our course materials are developed by people who are also teaching, coordinating and so on. In addition, teachers will need sufficient training to ensure they have the level of knowledge and skill necessary to successfully guide students through the materials/lessons where AI features. The other complicating factor is that the extent of the changes means that new materials/lessons cannot be implemented part way through an academic year as all cohorts of a given year need the same input and to take assessments that are assessed consistently through the year. So, if we are not ready by a September, then we are immediately already looking at a delay of another year. It is a complex business!

So, I absolutely agree with the quote at the start of this post but I think it is also a LOT easier said than done. As developing an approach in a high stakes environment takes time but generative AI and tide wait for no man. By the time we reach the stage of being able to implement our plans fully, they will probably need adapting to whatever new developments have arisen in the meantime (already there is the question of Google Note and similar which we have not yet addressed!). For sure, the assessment landscape is changing and will continue to change, but I do believe that we can’t rely on “catching students out” e.g. with AI detection tools and the like. We need to support them in using AI effectively and acceptably, so that they can benefit from its strengths and be able to use it in such a way as to mitigate its weaknesses and avoid misuse. Of course, as mentioned earlier, to be able to do that, we, ourselves, as teachers, need to develop our own knowledge and skills in the use of AI so that we can guide them through this decidedly tricky terrain. Providing training is a means of ensuring a base level of competence rather than relying on teachers to learn what is required independently. Training objectives would need to mirror the objectives for students but with an extra layer that addresses how to assist students in their use of AI, and how to help them develop their criticality in relation to it. Obviously there will be skills and knowledge that teachers have that will be transferable e.g. around criticality, metacognition and so on, but support and collaboration that enables them to explore the application of them in the context of AI would be beneficial.

Apart from the issue of addressing AI use in the context of learning and assessments, in terms of not getting left behind, we also need to ensure that what we are offering students is sufficiently worthwhile that they continue to come and do our courses rather than deciding to rely on AI to support them through their studies, from application through completion and side-stepping what we offer. But that’s for another blog post!

I would be interested to hear how your workplace has integrated use of AI into materials and lessons, and recognised its existence (for better and for worse) in the context of assessment. I wold also be interested to hear how teachers have been supported in negotiating teaching, learning and assessment in an AI world. Please use the comments to let me know! 🙂